submarine computerization software ?
<<A Maturity Model for Automated Software Testing
Mitchel H. Krause
Aside from their mandate to provide a safe and reliable product, manufacturers of computerized medical devices may have three very practical reasons for automating their software testing program: their product is too complicated to test manually, the time devoted to manual testing is cutting into potential profits, and current FDA requirements will be easier to satisfy with automated testing and documentation. If any of these factors motivates your company, this article will help you to sort out the issues to be considered and options available. Then, when the automated test program is in place, safer and more reliable products will follow.1 The sorting instrument presented is a maturity model that plots four levels of testing maturity in terms of the resources required to move from one level to the next. The model can be used to determine the level that best fits your company and its products.
THE SOFTWARE TESTING MATURITY MODEL
The software testing maturity model, shown in Figure 1, is similar to a software process maturity model that is familiar to many software engineers. It has been described by Watts S. Humphrey in his book Managing the Software Process,2 and has been cited by Frank Houston, a former FDA staffer, and Steven Rakitin in presentations to the Health Industry Manufacturers Association.3,4 The version shown here as Figure 2 is adapted from Rakitin’s presentation. The process model adapts well to automated software testing because effective software verification and validation programs grow out of development programs that are well planned, executed, managed, and monitored. A good software test program cannot stand alone; it must be an integral part of the software development process.
Level 1: Accidental Automation. The first level of the software testing model–like level 1 in the software process model– is characterized by ad hoc, individualistic, chaotic attempts to get the job done. Important information (for example, what to test) is not documented and must be extracted from in-house experts. Test plans are sketchy. Test results are not documented consistently. Schedules slip. Either products are delayed or testing becomes a cursory, poorly documented exercise. Management is uninvolved or uninformed.
This level has been designated Accidental Automation because the use of any automated tools or techniques comes about almost as if by accident and is not supported by process, planning, or management functions. Products released on the basis of such testing may well be accidents waiting to happen. Testing at this level may be appropriate only for a product that has no potential for harming the patient or user; it is never appropriate for a computerized medical device.
Level 2: Beginning Automation. The second testing level corresponds directly to Level 2¬Repeatable in the software process maturity model (see Figure 2). There are hundreds of capture-and-replay test tools on the market today that simply repeat the responses of a system under test.5 As in the process model, however, these tools have limited capabilities and lose their economic usefulness quickly as a product changes.
Level 2 testing is still dependent on information locked in the minds of in-house experts, although documentation is beginning to appear in the form of software requirements specifications (SRSs) and test requirements specifications (TRSs). However, in most cases, large portions of these documents are written after the fact and used to meet regulatory requirements rather than to direct the development and test processes. Writing them does, however, provide good practice for moving to level 3.
Level 3: Intentional Automation. At the third level, automated testing becomes both well defined and well managed. The TRSs and the test scripts themselves proceed logically from the SRSs and design documents. Furthermore, because the test team is now part of the development process, these documents are written before the product is delivered for testing. Consequently, schedules become more reliable. Level 3 is appropriate for many medical device manufacturers.
Level 4: Advanced Automation. The highest testing maturity level is a practiced and perfected version of level 3 with one major addition: postrelease defect tracking. Defects are trapped and sent directly back through the fix, test creation, and regression test processes. The software test team is now an integral part of product development, and testers and developers work together to build a product that will meet test requirements. Any software bugs that do occur are caught early, when they are much less expensive to fix.
When testing is performed at this level, an FDA inspector can pick up any piece of product documentation and trace the development process all the way from the SRS that describes the feature to the test results that validate it.>>
This process model — if you can call it a process model — was not really available when Collins started. I’m sure they would not have put these descriptions in their Software Engineering Management Plans.
Automated test has been around for a long time (I used it in 1986 and it wasn’t new then). It is not the automation that makes tests good or bad. It is how well the testers verify the code performs to the requirements AND how well the testers validate that the requirements are correct.
BTW, I am presenting a paper on model driven unit testing at the Rational Systems Conference in a few weeks.
I want to purchase a new computer but don’t know where to start. I need a computer to web site Designe(for study) , search the net, play games, copy/record music and movies, flash , maya, 3dmax, and all Macromedia software in need………….
i don’t know how much hard drive need Ram and GB ect…….
please help!
Don’t buy a branded computer, they _always_ priced much higher than if you build one yourself. The hardest part of building your own computer might be to choose the hardwares, and avoiding incompatibility, but incompatibility is rather rare. The best practice is ALWAYS choose the motherboard first, whenever building a computer.
CPU:
Well, the ones we’re worrying most for CPU are usually games. Newer games nowadays need at least newer Pentium 4 or Athlon processor. Get a duo core processor if you wish.
RAM:
Web Designing don’t need much RAM. HTML editing (WYSIWYG) needs around 64MB and Graphic Editing needs around 128MB to 512MB.
Surfing the net needs around 16MB-256MB, depending on your surfing habit. (if you’re like me, who like to open around 60 pages open at the same time, you’ll need more RAM)
Playing games… well, what kind of games? Newer games have really high RAM demand, and really high graphic card, but older games could run fine on a 32MB RAM. So, if you’re playing those memory hogs games, you’ll need around 1GB-2GB RAM (or sometimes 4GB).
Copy/Record Music and movies needs little RAM, around 64MB.
Flash, Maya, and 3DMax needs quite a bit, around 1GB.
So I’d recommend a 1GB or 2GB RAM should be enough.
Hard drive:
Seeing your use, you’d possibly need _at least_ 40GB. I’d recommend more, though, perhaps 80 or 120 GB
Graphic card:
Get a good ones. At least one with 256MB Graphic Memory.
Power Supplu (PSU):
Get ones with pure power. Don’t buy a cheap PSU unless you want your system to be fried.
Audio Card:
Onboard audio card should be enough.
Monitor:
Since you’re designing, I’d recommend something bigger than a usual monitor. Perhaps a minimal of 19" LCD monitor, use LCD if you’re gonna work long hours in front of the PC so not to tire your eyes too soon.
Speaker:
Decent ones (you’re not an audio freak aren’t you? A decent stereo speaker shouldn’t make much difference compared to a Surround Sound 7.1 audio arrangement).
Printer, Scanner, and other peripherals:
As needed.
I want to learn something so that my page looks better… I only know HTML and XML.. what should I learn next?? Do I need to learn CGI? or is it outdated? I don’t want any corporate level apps.. just a personal website.. But I don’t want to be learning anything which I can not directly apply.. I think I should learn CSS (cascading style sheets) .. What do you suggest?
CSS and PHP and Java Scripting. All those are great, and can compliment eachother.
We need a content management website that visually captures our brand image. I am going through freelancer sites such as Elance to find a web designer who do design for Drupal or MT. I am trying to get accurate expectations on how much it would cost.
I don’t need to go beyond the core modules of Drupal (or functions of MT), I just need to give it a makeover.
As a ballpark figure, it could be from $100 to $500 depending on how fancy your requirements are (especially if any interactive features like Flash or AJAX are involved).
I highly recommend posting your project on Rent-a-Coder. It’s free and does not obligate you to accept ANY bid you receive on your project. You’ll then have a much better idea of what people would be willing to work for.
Please be specific with job titles.
It would be possible if unusual to gain employment as a checkout assistant in a supermarket. Salaries are initially quite low, being based on the minimum wage, but can rise to a level slightly above minimum wage.
Hope this is of some little help.
Hi, I am doing a assignment on marketing of financial services thts my subject. the assignment requires me to critically analyze 12 articles on a topic related to marketing of financial services.. Now i am stuck as to what topic should i take.. a few examples which my freinds are working on are: Islamic Banking, Service recovery, Contribution of internet in promoting financial service/products. i am looking for a topic which has enough literature (up to 12 articles) Thanks in advance!
Here are some suggestions:
International Remittances
Internet Banking
Trade Finance
Cash Management
Credit Card Fraud
Anti Money Laundering
All the above are highly potential areas in today’s world and also generate a lot of interest in the international financial arena.
Good Luck,
–
Joseph Ponnou
http://www.internetmarketingtoolsntips.com
I don’t do a whole lot of shopping, my wife usually does, but when I do and let’s say I want cheese I want the real deal. I have to read the ingredients on at least 10 different packages of cheese to find one that is actually cheese…. Why do producers print cheese on the labels when it isn’t, and why do consumers buy it if it isn’t?
They say it’s cheese because they can get away with it. Real cheese doesn’t have whey or cream put into it and blended with the actual cheese product. Real cheese is ONLY the curd with the whey squeezed out. They say they do it to make a softer cheese that the american people like, but that’s a load of baloney. The real reason is that not including the whey or cream leaves them with less product to sell and more byproducts to get rid of somehow (which they can’t make yogurt out of) so their profits drop. Gotta love lobbyists and their influence.
I find it equally annoying that I have to look for the real cheese and often times, there’s only 1 real sliced cheese on the shelf and the rest aren’t.
you can do a little internet shopping,,,
ex.
http://dnshop.daum.net/?Sid=0001_50030000_00_00&nil_profile=g&nil_head=shop
http://www.gmarket.co.kr/index.asp?jaehuid=200000713
http://www.auction.co.kr/
http://www.interpark.com/
or you can visit dong- dae-moon or nahm-dae-moon…
it’s a open market, so you better watch out or else they might scam…
(esp. when you are foreigner)
And, You should visit nearest mall..
i dont think they will scam…
coz they can get sued and all that stuff…
PS. this is the camera that i think i am gonna get over summer…
Samsung #(sharp) 1mp3 or
Samsung #(sharp) 11pmp
If you buy it from internet, it cost around 300~400 dollars.
If you but from a store, it cost about 350~550
PSS. Say "jjom gak ka ju se yo"- meaning please sell it to me cheaper…
I’m planning on going to the Academy of Art University in SF, but I’m stuck between whether I should take Computer Arts: New Media or Graphic Design. Could someone please tell me the difference? Also, if I do take Computer Arts:New Media, what type of career opportunities are there? I know obviously if I take Graphic Design, I become a Graphic Designer, am I right? Please help!
Hello! I’m a student at AAU and here’s about as much as I know:
New Media is part of the Computer Arts school, so you’re going to learn more about web design and web graphics. You’ll probably learn programs like Photoshop, Flash, After Effects Fireworks, Dreamweaver, etc. and probably some basic HTML, CSS, etc.
Graphic Design is more traditional arts based, where you’ll learn the principals of design and stuff like typology, calligraphy, print and package design.
You can always change your major if you end up liking one more than the other. You can probably even float between the two and still be a graphic designer, but learn the tools of the new media trade.
This is what I do when I get bored:
Westboro Baptist Church New Testament Church Scorecard:
link: http://www.godhatesfags.com/written/reports/20071211_new-testament-church-scorecard.pdf
Question 1:
-40 for pictures of Jesus/Saints/Crucifixes.
Reasons it’s nuts: This is one of the more valid questions here, however, every Catholic here knows how to shoot down the idolatry charge.
Question 2: Who can be a Catholic in good standing:
A. Active fornicators,
B. Divorced and remarried
C. Homosexuals/Bisexuals
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
Score: +10. All the ones listed above are in a state of mortal sin.
N.B. I understood homosexuals/bisexuals to mean active homosexuals, as only the acts are condemned in the Bible.
Question 3:
A. Potluck dinners, easter egg hunts, Secret Santa, trick or treat, bingo nights, other social events.
B. Plays, concerts, trips, parties etc.
C. Sporting events
D. None.
Result: -10 (or 20, I’m not entirely sure) The entire justification for this is the is-ought fallacy. (Google it)
Question 4: Who can be an ordained minister
A. Women
B. Homosexuals/Bisexuals
C. Married and Divorced
D. Individuals in sex scandals.
E. Man with one wife, or celibate.
Result: +10. Actually, the W.B.C. thinking is flawed as only the unmarried should be priests. Perhaps a bit unfairly, I’m giving the Catholic Church +20.
Question 5: Separate Groups/Classes in Church.
A. Sunday School
B. Youth Groups
C. Adult/Men’s/Women’s Groups.
D. Contemporary Worship service.
E. None of the above. Everyone attends 1 service
Result:-20. This is is-ought and general stupidity run amuck. All the people in youth groups men’s groups etc. must still attend Sunday mass, which is all his "Scriptural backing" states.
5 question recap: -40,+10,-10,+20,-20. Catholic Church is at -40. However, I hope I have (in my limited space) demonstrated how preposterous the -10 and -20 are.
Question 6: Sanctuary Description:
A. Beautiful ornate sanctuary full of religious symbolism
B. Massive auditorium with sound system and lighting
C. Small/Medium but beautiful
D. None of the above, austere symbolless.
Result: -10 (for my Church). This is time three of the is-ought fallacy. I also offer this to his justification: The temple of Solomon.
Question 7: How is your Church run.
A. This simply describes(a falsified version of ) the Catholic Church.
B. International/National organization with some control over members.
C. In some sort of association.
D. Non-denominational Groups.
E. Completely autonomous and local
Result: -10, Sola Scriptura+Is-ought#4.
Question 8: Other operations of your church
A. A school
B. Has varying business ventures.
C. Has fundraisers.
D. None
Results: -20. This numbnuts must not realize that you need money to run things. Oh, and is-ought #5.
Question #9: Member attendence
A. No expectation whatsoever
B. Many only come to Christmas and Easter
C. Not required
D. Required.
Result:+10. Although many "Chirstmas-Easter Catholics" profess to be so, it is my understanding that missing mass (unless one is ill or otherwise blatantly unable to attend) may be mortal sin grounds.
Question 10: Alcoholics, railors (whatever that means) extortioners, prostitute-frequenters.
A. Openly Welcome
B. Full Members
C. My Church does not identify people by what they do.
D. Cannot be members.
Result: N/A. I have no idea what a railer is, nor the Catholic Church’s position on alcoholics.
10 Question recap:-10, -10, -20, +10, N/A. -70.
Question 11: Hair practices
A. Anything goes.
B. Women have long hair, men have short hair, women’s heads are covered in Church.
Result: Most of the Catholics I’ve seen conform to the first two, and I think the Church still recommends that women cover their hair. I would also go into context regarding 1 Cor 11, but it’s not worth the effort. N/A
Question 12: Ways to raise money.
A. Priest asks for it
B. Plate is passed
C. Directed mailings, television campaigns etc.
D. Tithing alone.
Result: -10. Is ought#6 + Sola Scriptura.
Question 13: Marketing (evangelization)
A. Hires marketing consultants.
B. Ads.
C. Direct mailings,door-to-door
D. No marketing,
Result: IS THIS DUMBASS SERIOUSLY CLAIMING WE SHOULDN’T EVANGELIZE. His verses then express support for evangelization. My head is spinning. +10
Question 14: Baptisms
A. Infants with no profession of faith
B. Sprinkling water.
C. Family events+white dresses.
D. Profession of faith+full immersion.
Result: -10. D and C aren’t mutually exclusive, and there is a proffesion of faith at infant baptism. Also, is ought #7
Question 15: Eucharist
A. Wafers to represent body
B. Grape juice to represent blood
C. Wine or grape juice for blood.
D. Completely baffling and overly in depth.
Result: The W.B.C. fails to teach the true presence and has an odd provision about singing, which isn’t con
The question restated: What did you think of my attempts to disprove the WBC insanity?
Question was cut off: -tained the scripture passages the madman quotes.
The page refuses to load, but this all you need to know: 9 (that’s over half of the questions) involve the is-ought problem, and unless you get a perfect score you’re going to hell. (No seriously)
Catholic Church got-40.
Stick to your Catholic faith do not play with fire.